{"product_id":"the-evolution-of-general-ideas-ai-ja","title":"The evolution of general ideas — 一般観念の進化","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight:bold;margin:0 0 .6em;\"\u003e全644ページ\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe evolution of general ideas（一般観念の進化）の日本語版です。分野は「認知・想像力」です。AI翻訳をもとに校閲・編集しました（全644ページ）。\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e会員登録とメルマガ配信登録（どちらも無料）をすると、ページ下部のビューアでオンライン閲覧できます。この商品をご購入いただくと、文字情報入りのPDF（644ページ）をダウンロードできます。\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin:1em 0 0;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/ko-kr\/customer_authentication\/login?return_to=%2Fproducts%2Fthe-evolution-of-general-ideas-ai-ja\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:.7rem 1.4rem;background:#334FB4;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;margin:0 .5rem .5rem 0;font-weight:bold;\"\u003e会員登録はこちら\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#cld-gate\" style=\"display:inline-block;padding:.7rem 1.4rem;background:#334FB4;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;border-radius:4px;margin:0 .5rem .5rem 0;font-weight:bold;\"\u003eメルマガ配信登録はこちら\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdetails style=\"margin-top:1.2em;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:6px;padding:.6em 1em;\"\u003e\u003csummary style=\"cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold;\"\u003e内容の要約を読む\u003c\/summary\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"margin-top:1em;font-size:.95em;line-height:1.9;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e※全文は文字数が多いため、各項目の冒頭部分を抜粋した要約を掲載しています。全文はページ下部のビューアでお読みいただけます。\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e1\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evolution of general ideas一般観念の進化テオデュール・リボー著／フランシス・A・ウェルビー英訳1899年Chicago版・Welby英訳・AI翻訳 英日対照版パブリックドメイ…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 General classification of signs.—Gesture, an intellectual, not an emotional,\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003einstrument; its wide distribution. Syntax identical with that ofdeaf-mutes.—Comparison between phonetic…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 We see from the above that abstraction depends genetically upon the causes\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhich awaken and sustain attention. I have described these causes elsewhere,[4]and cannot here return t…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 The second class, which we have termed intermediate abstraction, implies the\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003euse of words. At their lowest stage these concepts hardly rise above the level ofthe generic image: the…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 Lloyd Morgan, who, in his books on comparative psychology, is evidently\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edisposed to concede as small a measure of intelligence to animals as possible,comments upon the above o…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 2. It has been said that the principal utility of abstraction is as an instrument\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ein ratiocination. We may say the same of generic images. By their aid animals reason.This subject has g…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 G. Leroy said: “Animals reason, but differently from ourselves.” This is a\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003enegative position. We advance a step farther in saying: their reasoning consists in aheritage of concre…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 “The only distinction which the child makes at first is between the simple\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eobject and plurality. At eighteen months, he distinguishes between one, two, andseveral. At the age of t…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 Number—Indicate with the help of the fingers; high numbers, rapid opening of\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe hand several times in succession.B00184｜原版スキャンp.58／原版p.42｜原文順0184｜リボー本文／ウェルビー公認英訳お金を数えること、一手で与えること…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 St. George Mivart (Lessons from Nature) gives the following as a complete\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eclassification of every species of sign, omitting those that are written:B00210｜原版スキャンp.64／原版p.48｜原文順02…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e92\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edifferent; we are concerned with signs of the intellectual, not of the affective,life. In other words, …\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e101\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eimitation of the movements of thega = one, ricke = I will not, etc.), others resultfrom the imitation b…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 If the second thesis be adopted, the root then being nothing but “the exposed\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ekernel of a family of words,” “a phonogram,” analogous to composite photographs,formed like these by a …\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 With it we enter on the period of secondary formation. It was long held to be\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ean indisputable dogma that the verb is the word par excellence (verbum), thenecessary and exclusive ins…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 For intermediate abstraction, this operation is very simple. It implies the use\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eof words; it has passed the level of pre-linguistic abstraction and generalisation.We may go farther, a…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eB00334｜原版スキャンp.107／原版p.91｜原文順0334｜リボー本文／ウェルビー公認英訳\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eII。 A b c d e。原文 II. A b c d e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 The indigenes of Hawaii, says Max Müller (Lectures on the Science of Language,\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond Series, II., p. 19), have but one word, “aloba,” to express love, friendship,esteem, gratitude, b…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 We must now return to the higher forms of intermediate abstraction, since we\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emay not content ourselves with any purely theoretical determination.Characteristic examples must be sel…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e158\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ean ever-increasing substitution. Thus, at the lowest stage, all commercialtransactions are reduced to t…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 The concrete type appears to be the most widely distributed; it obtains almost\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eto exclusion among women, artists, and all who have not the habit of scientificabstraction. I have sele…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 In short,—in many minds the existence of the concept is associated with a clear\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evision of the printed word and nothing beyond it.B00433｜原版スキャンp.137／原版p.121｜原文順0433｜リボー本文／ウェルビー公認英訳3。\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 Where the replies are concrete in the two cases I note a tolerable analogy\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebetween them. M. Wizel (who eliminated all doubtful cases, and any accompanied bycrises) never encounte…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e191\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eisolates. If, instead of isolating the rays so as to cause them to describe differenttrajectories, they…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 The thesis of W. James is very superior: “Number seems to signify primarily the\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estrokes of our attention in discriminating things. These strokes remain in thememory in groups, large o…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e207\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe result of perception, as extension, and the concept, the result of abstraction,as space—properly so…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 The journey to the end of space as suggested by Stuart Mill in the passage\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eabove cited (if by space he means the simple possibility of containing extendedbodies) would really be …\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 Certain experiments contributed by Wundt and his pupils throw light also upon\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe maximum duration that can be apprehended by consciousness. They made use,almost exclusively, of aud…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 In short, our consciousness of duration is a complex state, more exactly, a\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eprocess—since it is less a state than a becoming. The rhythmical visceral sensationsare its core; it is…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 This conception of infinite time is however quite subjective, and in itself\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ereveals nothing as to the nature of things: we do but add one state ofconsciousness to another; it is a…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 It has been remarked that the word cause signifies sometimes an antecedent,\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esometimes a process, sometimes antecedent, process, and effect produced, taken allthree together.[121] T…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 The idea of chance is more obscure. We might almost say that, for the majority\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eof people who make no attempt to clear it up, it is an event that supposes neithercause nor law; it is …\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e267\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003echimerical. There is no longer the sharp distinction, as formerly admitted, between“essential” and “acc…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 In departing from phenomena by successive abstractions and generalisations,\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewe rise to laws that are more and more extensive: so in setting out from theindividual, species, genera…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 This has not always been the case. At the time when there was general belief in\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea scheme of creation, the naturalists were careful, by bringing together species,genera, families, etc.…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 To avoid possibility of equivocation, let us remark that the development of the\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eattitude for abstracting and generalising may be explained in a two-fold manner: byacknowledging the in…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 When the mind is grappling with the highest abstractions, and climbs from\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eheight to height, what preserves it from catastrophe, and guarantees against error,is the quantity and …\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 [22] Lloyd Morgan, whose tendencies have already been indicated,\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edistinguishes three sorts of inferences: (1) unconscious inference on immediateconstruction (perceptual…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 [55] We cannot doubt, however, that there is in the child (and so too for\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eprimitive man) a period of pure and simple denomination, when, in the face ofperceived objects, he utte…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 Concepts which are interdependent; etc., space and movement, crime and\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epunishment, demand and supply, labor and wages. This table may suit the logicianbut not the psychologis…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 [97] Cournot, op. cit., I., p. 331 et seq. Renouvier, Logique, I., pp. 377-394.\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoinsot, Théorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps, p. 78.B00852｜原版スキャンp.242／原版p.226｜原文順0852｜ウェルビー訳注\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 [124] For the study of Chance, see Cournot, op. cit., I., Chap. iii. [Also J. Venn\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“The Logic of Chance,” etc.—Tr.]B00880｜原版スキャンp.242／原版p.226｜原文順0880｜リボー注・引用文献340\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e原文 comes half way between individual representation and abstraction properly so\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecalled, 23.B01052｜原版スキャンp.244／原版p.228｜原文順1052｜1899年版索引索引項目（原綴保持）: Genii, 95.原文 Genii, 95. 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