The evolution of general ideas — 一般観念の進化

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The evolution of general ideas一般観念の進化テオデュール・リボー著／フランシス・A・ウェルビー英訳1899年Chicago版・Welby英訳・AI翻訳 英日対照版パブリックドメイ…

原文 General classification of signs.—Gesture, an intellectual, not an emotional,

instrument; its wide distribution. Syntax identical with that ofdeaf-mutes.—Comparison between phonetic…

原文 We see from the above that abstraction depends genetically upon the causes

which awaken and sustain attention. I have described these causes elsewhere,[4]and cannot here return t…

原文 The second class, which we have termed intermediate abstraction, implies the

use of words. At their lowest stage these concepts hardly rise above the level ofthe generic image: the…

原文 Lloyd Morgan, who, in his books on comparative psychology, is evidently

disposed to concede as small a measure of intelligence to animals as possible,comments upon the above o…

原文 2. It has been said that the principal utility of abstraction is as an instrument

in ratiocination. We may say the same of generic images. By their aid animals reason.This subject has g…

原文 G. Leroy said: “Animals reason, but differently from ourselves.” This is a

negative position. We advance a step farther in saying: their reasoning consists in aheritage of concre…

原文 “The only distinction which the child makes at first is between the simple

object and plurality. At eighteen months, he distinguishes between one, two, andseveral. At the age of t…

原文 Number—Indicate with the help of the fingers; high numbers, rapid opening of

the hand several times in succession.B00184｜原版スキャンp.58／原版p.42｜原文順0184｜リボー本文／ウェルビー公認英訳お金を数えること、一手で与えること…

原文 St. George Mivart (Lessons from Nature) gives the following as a complete

classification of every species of sign, omitting those that are written:B00210｜原版スキャンp.64／原版p.48｜原文順02…

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different; we are concerned with signs of the intellectual, not of the affective,life. In other words, …

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imitation of the movements of thega = one, ricke = I will not, etc.), others resultfrom the imitation b…

原文 If the second thesis be adopted, the root then being nothing but “the exposed

kernel of a family of words,” “a phonogram,” analogous to composite photographs,formed like these by a …

原文 With it we enter on the period of secondary formation. It was long held to be

an indisputable dogma that the verb is the word par excellence (verbum), thenecessary and exclusive ins…

原文 For intermediate abstraction, this operation is very simple. It implies the use

of words; it has passed the level of pre-linguistic abstraction and generalisation.We may go farther, a…

B00334｜原版スキャンp.107／原版p.91｜原文順0334｜リボー本文／ウェルビー公認英訳

II。 A b c d e。原文 II. A b c d e

原文 The indigenes of Hawaii, says Max Müller (Lectures on the Science of Language,

Second Series, II., p. 19), have but one word, “aloba,” to express love, friendship,esteem, gratitude, b…

原文 We must now return to the higher forms of intermediate abstraction, since we

may not content ourselves with any purely theoretical determination.Characteristic examples must be sel…

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an ever-increasing substitution. Thus, at the lowest stage, all commercialtransactions are reduced to t…

原文 The concrete type appears to be the most widely distributed; it obtains almost

to exclusion among women, artists, and all who have not the habit of scientificabstraction. I have sele…

原文 In short,—in many minds the existence of the concept is associated with a clear

vision of the printed word and nothing beyond it.B00433｜原版スキャンp.137／原版p.121｜原文順0433｜リボー本文／ウェルビー公認英訳3。

原文 Where the replies are concrete in the two cases I note a tolerable analogy

between them. M. Wizel (who eliminated all doubtful cases, and any accompanied bycrises) never encounte…

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isolates. If, instead of isolating the rays so as to cause them to describe differenttrajectories, they…

原文 The thesis of W. James is very superior: “Number seems to signify primarily the

strokes of our attention in discriminating things. These strokes remain in thememory in groups, large o…

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the result of perception, as extension, and the concept, the result of abstraction,as space—properly so…

原文 The journey to the end of space as suggested by Stuart Mill in the passage

above cited (if by space he means the simple possibility of containing extendedbodies) would really be …

原文 Certain experiments contributed by Wundt and his pupils throw light also upon

the maximum duration that can be apprehended by consciousness. They made use,almost exclusively, of aud…

原文 In short, our consciousness of duration is a complex state, more exactly, a

process—since it is less a state than a becoming. The rhythmical visceral sensationsare its core; it is…

原文 This conception of infinite time is however quite subjective, and in itself

reveals nothing as to the nature of things: we do but add one state ofconsciousness to another; it is a…

原文 It has been remarked that the word cause signifies sometimes an antecedent,

sometimes a process, sometimes antecedent, process, and effect produced, taken allthree together.[121] T…

原文 The idea of chance is more obscure. We might almost say that, for the majority

of people who make no attempt to clear it up, it is an event that supposes neithercause nor law; it is …

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chimerical. There is no longer the sharp distinction, as formerly admitted, between“essential” and “acc…

原文 In departing from phenomena by successive abstractions and generalisations,

we rise to laws that are more and more extensive: so in setting out from theindividual, species, genera…

原文 This has not always been the case. At the time when there was general belief in

a scheme of creation, the naturalists were careful, by bringing together species,genera, families, etc.…

原文 To avoid possibility of equivocation, let us remark that the development of the

attitude for abstracting and generalising may be explained in a two-fold manner: byacknowledging the in…

原文 When the mind is grappling with the highest abstractions, and climbs from

height to height, what preserves it from catastrophe, and guarantees against error,is the quantity and …

原文 [22] Lloyd Morgan, whose tendencies have already been indicated,

distinguishes three sorts of inferences: (1) unconscious inference on immediateconstruction (perceptual…

原文 [55] We cannot doubt, however, that there is in the child (and so too for

primitive man) a period of pure and simple denomination, when, in the face ofperceived objects, he utte…

原文 Concepts which are interdependent; etc., space and movement, crime and

punishment, demand and supply, labor and wages. This table may suit the logicianbut not the psychologis…

原文 [97] Cournot, op. cit., I., p. 331 et seq. Renouvier, Logique, I., pp. 377-394.

Poinsot, Théorie nouvelle de la rotation des corps, p. 78.B00852｜原版スキャンp.242／原版p.226｜原文順0852｜ウェルビー訳注

原文 [124] For the study of Chance, see Cournot, op. cit., I., Chap. iii. [Also J. Venn

“The Logic of Chance,” etc.—Tr.]B00880｜原版スキャンp.242／原版p.226｜原文順0880｜リボー注・引用文献340

原文 comes half way between individual representation and abstraction properly so

called, 23.B01052｜原版スキャンp.244／原版p.228｜原文順1052｜1899年版索引索引項目（原綴保持）: Genii, 95.原文 Genii, 95. B01053｜原版スキャンp…